Dr. Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal is a great thinker of Pakistan. He play a important roll in the History of Pakistan. Allama Muhammad Iqbal is National Hero of Pakistan. Sir Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu: محمد اقبال) (November 9, 1877 to April 21 1938), widely known as Allama Iqbal (علامہ اقبال) was a poet, philosopher and politician, as well as an academic, lawyer and academic in British India, which it is widely considered to have inspired the Pakistan movement. He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature with literary works, both in Urdu and Persian languages.
Iqbal is admired as an outstanding poet by Pakistanis, Indians, Bangladeshis, Sri Lanka and other scholars of international literature. Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet, he is also a "Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times" acclaimed. His first book of poems, Asrar-e-Khudi, appeared in the Persian language in 1915, and other books of poetry include Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq and Zabur-i-Ajam. Among these his best known works are Urdu Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i Kalim and part of Armughan-e-Hijaz. Along with his Urdu and Persian poetry, lectures and Urdu and English letters have been very influential in the cultural, social, religious and political conflicts.
In 1922, he was knighted by King George V, giving it the title "Sir". While studying law and philosophy in England, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the Muslim League All India. Later, during December session of the League of 1930, he delivered his most famous presidential speech known as the Directorate of Allahabad in which he promoted the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India.
In much of South Asia and the world speaks Urdu, Iqbal is regarded as Shair-e-Mashriq (Urdu: شاعر مشرق, "Poet of the East"). Also it called Mufakkir-e-Pakistan (Urdu: مفکر پاکستان, "The Thinker of Pakistan"), Musawar-e-Pakistan (Urdu: مصور پاکستان, "Artist of Pakistan") and Hakeem-ul-Ummat (Urdu: حکیم الامت , "the Sage of Ummah"). The Pakistani government officially named a "national poet". His birthday Yom-e Welādat-e Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu: یوم ولادت محمد اقبال), or the day of Iqbal, is a holiday in Pakistan. India is also remembered as the author of the popular song Saare Jahaan is Achcha.
Personal life
Background
Iqbal was born on November 9, 1877 in Sialkot in Punjab province of British India (now in Pakistan). His grandparents were Kashmiri Pandits, the Brahmins of Kashmir Sapru clan who converted to Islam. In the 19th century, when the Sikh Empire was conquered Kashmir, the family of his grandfather migrated to Punjab. Iqbal often mentioned and commemorated his lineage Kashmiri Pandit Brahmin in his writings.
Iqbal's father, Sheikh Muhammad Noor (died 1930), was a tailor, not formally educated but a religious man. The mother of Iqbal Imam Bibi was a polite and humble woman who helped the poor and solves the problems of the residents. He died on November 9, 1914 in Sialkot. Iqbal loved his mother, and his death expressed his feelings of pathos in a poetic elegy form.
Who would anxiously wait for me at my place of origin?
Who would show concern if my letter does not arrive?
I'll visit your grave with this complaint:
Now will think of me in praying midnight?
All your love to your life helps me with devotion-
When I became fit to serve you, they have departed.
Iqbal was four years old when he was admitted to the mosque to learn the Koran. He learned Arabic from his teacher Syed Hassan Mir, the head of the madrassa and professor of Arabic at the University of the Scotch mission in Sialkot, where he enrolled in 1893. He received intermediate with the Faculty of Arts diploma Murray Sialkot College in 1895. the same year he enrolled at Government College Lahore, where he earned a degree in philosophy, English literature and Arabic in 1897, and won the FS Bahadurddin Jalaluddin Khan medal by taking the highest numbers in the Arabic class. In 1899, he received his Master of Arts from the same university and had the first place in the University of Punjab, Lahore.
Iqbal was married three times, in 1895, while studying BA had his first marriage to Karim Bibi, daughter of medical Khan Bahadur Khan Muhammad Ata (the maternal grandfather of the director and music composer Khwaja Khurshid Anwar) through an arranged marriage . Daughter and son had Aftab Iqbal Begum Miraj. Later, the second marriage was with Sardar Iqbal Begum mother Javid Iqbal, and his third marriage was with Mukhtar Begum in December 1914.
Higher education in Europe
Iqbal was influenced by the teachings of Sir Thomas Arnold, his professor of philosophy at the University of Lahore Government. Arnold teachings of Iqbal determined to pursue higher education in the West, and in 1905 traveled to England for that purpose. Iqbal qualified for a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge University and obtained Bachelor of Arts in 1906 and in the same year he was called to the bar as a lawyer from Lincoln's Inn. In 1907, Iqbal moved to Germany to continue his doctoral studies and earned a degree from the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Ph.D. in 1908. Under the direction of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal doctoral thesis entitled Developing metaphysics in Persia was published.
During the stay of Iqbal in Heidelberg in 1907 Wegenast his German teacher Emma taught him about Goethe's Faust, Heine and Nietzsche. During his studies in Europe, Iqbal began writing poetry in Persian. Priority was given because he believed he had found an easy way to express their thoughts. He writes in Persian continuously throughout his life.
Academic
Iqbal, after completing his degree of Master of Arts in 1899, began his career as a reader of Arabic at Oriental College and soon after was selected as a high school teacher of philosophy at Government College Lahore, where he also he had studied in the past. There he worked until he went to England in 1905. In 1908, he returned to England and joined the same college again as professor of philosophy and English literature. In the same period Iqbal began practicing law in Lahore High Court Chief, but soon abandoned the practice of law and devoted himself to literary works, becoming an active member of Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam. In 1919, he became the secretary general of the organization. thoughts of Iqbal in his work mainly focus on the management and development of human spiritual society, centered around the experiences of traveling to and staying in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was deeply influenced by Western philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Bergson and Goethe.
Poetry and philosophy of Mawlana Rumi bore the deepest influence on Iqbal's mind. Deeply based on religion since childhood, Iqbal began concentrating intensely on the study of Islam, culture and history of Islamic civilization and its political future, while embracing Rumi as "your guide". Iqbal Rumi would have the lead role in many of his poems. Iqbal works focus on reminding his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilization, and deliver the message of a pure, spiritual approach to Islam as a source of social and political liberation and greatness. Iqbal denounced political divisions within and among Muslim nations, and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community or Ummah.
The poetry of Iqbal has been translated into many European languages, at the time his work was famous during the early part of the 20th century Iqbal Asrar-i-Khudi and Javed Nama were translated into English by AR and AJ Nicholson Arberry respectively .
Iqbal, Jinnah and concept of Pakistan
Ideologically separated from Muslim leaders Congress, Iqbal had also disillusioned with politicians from the Muslim League because of the factional conflict that affected the League in the 1920s Dissatisfaction with faction leaders like Muhammad Shafi and Fazl-ur Rahman, Iqbal came to believe that only a political leader Jinnah was able to preserve the unity and the achievement of the objectives of the Muslim League political empowerment. The construction of a personal, strong correspondence with Jinnah, Iqbal was an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London, back to India and take over the League. Iqbal firmly believe that Jinnah was the only leader able to attract Indian Muslims to the League and maintaining party unity before the British and Congress:
I know you're a busy man but I hope you do not mind what I write to you often, because it is the only Muslim in India today to the right of the community have to look up for safe guidance through the storm that is coming to northwestern India and perhaps for the whole of India.
While Iqbal embraced the idea of Muslim-majority provinces in 1930, Jinnah would continue to hold talks with Congress through the decade and only officially embraced the goal of Pakistan in 1940. Some historians posit that Jinnah always maintains the hope of a according to the Congress and never completely desired partition of India. Iqbal close correspondence with Jinnah is speculated by some historians as having been responsible for embrace of the idea of Pakistan Jinnah. Jinnah Iqbal elucidated his vision of an independent Muslim state in a letter sent on June 21, 1937:
A separate federation of Muslim provinces, renovated in the lines I suggested above, is the only way by which we can secure a peaceful India and save Muslims from the domination of non-Muslims. Why should not the Muslims of northwestern India and Bengal be considered as nations entitled to self-determination like other nations in India and outside India are.
Iqbal, who acts as president of the Muslim League Punjab, criticized the political actions of Jinnah, including a political agreement with the leader of the Punjabi Sir Sikandar Hyat Khan, who Iqbal saw as representative of the feudal classes and not committed to Islam as the central political philosophy. However, Iqbal worked constantly to encourage Muslim leaders and masses to support Jinnah and the League. Speaking about the political future of Muslims in India, Iqbal said:
There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They must join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being resolved, can be countered by our united against both Hindus and the English front. Without it, our demands will not be accepted. People say that our demands smack of communalism. This is pure propaganda. These demands relate to the defense of our national existence .... The united front may be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only because of Jinnah. Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims.
Final years and death
In 1933, after returning from a trip to Spain and Afghanistan, Iqbal was suffering from a mysterious illness throat. He spent his last years helping Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan to establish the Institute ul Islam Trust Give Jamalpur estate near Pathankot, where there were plans to subsidize studies in classical Islam and contemporary social science. He also called for an independent Muslim state.
Iqbal ceased practicing law in 1934 and was granted a pension by the Nawab of Bhopal. In his later years, he often visited the famous Dargah of Sufi Hazrat Ali Hajveri in Lahore spiritual guide. After suffering for months from his illness, Iqbal died in Lahore on April 21, 1938. His grave is in Hazuri Bagh, enclosed garden between the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque and Lahore Fort, and guards officers are provided by the Government of Pakistan.
Iqbal is widely celebrated in Pakistan, where he is regarded as the ideological founder of the state. His Tarana-e-Hind is a song that is widely used in India as a patriotic song speaks of communal harmony. His birthday is commemorated annually in Pakistan as Iqbal day, a national holiday. Iqbal is the namesake of many public institutions, including the University of Allama Iqbal Campus of Punjab in Lahore, Medical College Allama Iqbal in Lahore, Stadium Iqbal Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Open University in Pakistan, the international airport Allama Iqbal in Lahore the Allama Iqbal Hall in Nishtar Medical College Multan, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town in Karachi, Lahore Allama Iqbal Town and Allama Iqbal Hall in Aligarh Muslim University in India.
The government and public organizations have sponsored the establishment of educational institutions, colleges and schools dedicated to Iqbal, and have established the Iqbal Academy Pakistan to investigate, teach and preserve his work, literature and philosophy. Allama Iqbal Seals Society was established to promote Iqbaliyat in philately and other hobbies. His son Javid Iqbal has served as a judge in the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Javaid Manzil was the last residence of Iqbal.
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