Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( founder of Turkey )

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founder of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is the National Hero of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (pronounced [Mustafa Kemal ätäˌtyɾc] 19, May 1881 (conventional) - November 10, 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish Parliament.

Atatürk was an army officer during World War I. After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns led to victory in the Turkish War of Independence. Atatürk then embarked on a program of political, economic and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state and secular. Under his leadership, thousands of new schools were built, primary education was compulsory and free, and women were given equal civil and political rights, while the tax burden on farmers was reduced. His government also conducted an extensive policy Turkification. The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are known as Kemalism.

Early life

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in the early months of 1881, either in the area of ​​Ahmed Subaşı or a house (preserved as a museum) in Islahhane street (now Apostolou street Pavlou) in the neighborhood Koca Kasım Pasha in Thessaloniki (Selanik), Ottoman Empire (Thessaloniki in Greece today), to Zübeyde Hanım, a housewife, and Ali Rıza Efendi, an official of the militia, employee title and the timber merchant. Only one of the brothers Mustafa, a sister named Makbule (Atadan) survived childhood; he died in 1956. According to Andrew Mango, his family was Muslim, Turkic-speaking and precariously middle class. His father Ali Rıza is thought to have been ethnic Albanians by some authors; However, according to many more references as Falih Rıfkı Atay, Vamik D. Volkan, Norman Itzkowitz, Mujgan Cunbur, Numan Hasan Kartal and Izzettin Dinamo, Ali Riza ancestors were Turks, ultimately descending from Söke in Aydın Province of Anatolia. His mother Zübeyde is believed to have been of Turkish origin and according to Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, who was Yörük ancestry. Because of the sizable minority of Jews in Selanik during the Ottoman period, many of the Islamist opponents of Atatürk have eagerly claimed that he may have had ancestors Donmeh (Jews who converted to Islam during the Ottoman period). However, his grandparents were not native to Selanik, and his family had moved to this city (the Ottoman Rumelia largest metropolis after Istanbul) in the 19th century, from other provinces of the Ottoman Empire. There are also some suggestions about the possibility of Slavic origin, based on clear skin complexion, blond hair and blue eyes.

Born Mustafa, and his second name Kemal (perfection or meaning maturity) was given by his math teacher, Captain Uskuplu Mustafa Efendi, "in admiration of their ability and maturity," according Afet Inan, and, according to Ali Fuat Cebesoy because his teacher wanted to distinguish his student who had the same name as him, although his biographer Andrew Mango suggests that it may have chosen the name himself as a tribute to the nationalist poet Namık Kemal. In his early years, his mother encouraged Mustafa Kemal to attend a religious school, something he did reluctantly and only briefly. Later, he attended the School Efendi Şemsi (a private school with a plan more secular studies) in the direction of his father. His parents wanted him to learn a trade, but without consulting them, Mustafa Kemal took the test for admission to the Military School of Thessaloniki (Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi) in 1893. In 1896, he enrolled in the School Military Monastir. On March 14, 1899, he enrolled at the Ottoman Military Academy in the neighborhood Pangaltı in the district of Sisli, in the (now Istanbul) Ottoman capital of Constantinople and graduated in 1902. He later graduated from the Military College Ottoman in Constantinople on January 11, 1905.

Military career

Early years

Shortly after graduation, he was arrested by the police for their anti-royalists activities. After several months confinement was released only with the support of Riza Pasha, his former school principal. After his release, Mustafa Kemal was assigned to the Fifth Army based in Damascus, as captain of the staff in the company of Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) and Lütfi Müfit (Özdeş). a small secret revolutionary society of reformist officers led by a merchant Mustafa Elvan (Cantekin) called Vatan ve Hürriyet ( "Fatherland and Freedom") joined. On June 20, 1907, he was promoted to the rank of Senior Captain (Kolağası) and October 13, 1907, assigned to the headquarters of the Third Army in Manastır. He joined the Committee of Union and Progress, with membership number 322, although in recent years became known for his opposition to, and frequent criticism of the policies carried out by the leadership of the CUP. On June 22, 1908, he was appointed Inspector of the Ottoman Railways in Eastern Rumelia (Doğu Rumeli Bölgesi Demiryolları Müfettişi). In July 1908, he played a role in the Young Turk Revolution which seized power from Sultan Abdul Hamid II and restored the constitutional monarchy.

He was proposing depoliticization in the army, a proposal that was rejected by the leaders of the cup. As a result, he was sent to Tripolitania Vilayet (present Libya, then an Ottoman territory) under the pretext of suppressing a tribal rebellion towards the end of 1908. According to Mikush however, he volunteered for this mission. the revolt was suppressed and returned to Istanbul in January 1909.

In April 1909 in Istanbul, a group of soldiers began a counter-revolution (See Incident March 31). Mustafa Kemal was instrumental in suprressing revolt.

In 1910 he was called to the Ottoman provinces in Albania. At that time Isa Boletini led Kosovo Albanian uprisings and revolts were in Albania. In 1910 he met the Lord Eqerem Vlora Albania, politician, writer, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence of Albania.

Later, in the fall of 1910, he was one of the Ottoman military observers who attended army maneuvers Picardie in France, and in 1911, he served in the Ministry of War (Harbiye Nezareti) in Istanbul for a short time.

Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912)

In 1911, he was assigned to the Roman Tripolitania Vilayet (present Libya) to fight in the Italo-Turkish War, mainly in areas near Benghazi, Derna and Tobruk against a 150,000 troops of the Italian amphibious assault forces. It had to be offset by 20,000 Bedouins and 8,000 Turks a short time before Italy declared war, a large part of the Ottoman troops in Libya were sent to the Ottoman province of Yemen in order to quell the rebellion there, so the Ottoman government was caught with insufficient resources to meet the Italians in Libya; and the British government, which militarily controls the Ottoman provinces of law, Egypt and Sudan from the Orabi uprising in 1882, did not allow the Ottoman government to send additional Ottoman troops to Libya through Egypt; making the Ottoman soldiers like Mustafa Kemal to go to Libya either dressed as Arabs (with the risk of imprisonment if noticed by the British authorities in Egypt), or through very few shuttles available (the Italians, who had the superior naval forces, effective control of the sea lanes of Tripoli). However, despite all the difficulties, the forces of Mustafa Kemal in Libya managed to repel the Italians on several occasions, as the Battle of Tobruk on 22 December 1911. During the Battle of Derna on 16-17 January 1912, while Mustafa Kemal storm the Italian fortress-controlled Kasr-i Harun, two Italian planes dropped bombs on the Ottoman forces and a piece of limestone from the rubble of a building damaged entered the left eye of Mustafa Kemal; It is causing permanent damage to the tissue of his left eye, but not total loss of sight. He received medical treatment for nearly a month; He tried to leave the health centers Red Crescent after only two weeks, but when the situation worsened his eye, had to return and resume treatment. On March 6, 1912 Mustafa Kemal became the commander of the Ottoman forces in Derna. He managed to defend and preserve the city and its surrounding region until the end of the Italo-Turkish War on October 18, 1912. Mustafa Kemal, Enver Bey, Fethi Bey and the other military commanders Ottomans in Libya had to return to Europe after the outbreak Ottoman wars in the Balkans on October 8, 1912, so that the Ottoman government the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica (now Libya) to the Kingdom of Italy with the Treaty of Ouchy (first Treaty gave Lausanne) signed ten days later, on October 18.

Balkan Wars (1912–1913)

On December 1, 1912, Mustafa Kemal arrived at its new home on the peninsula of Gallipoli and during the First Balkan War, took part in the amphibious landing at Bulair on the coast of Thrace which was commanded by Binbaşı Fethi Bey, but this offensive was repulsed during the battle of Bulair by 7th Infantry Division Georgi Todorov Rila under the command of Stiliyan Kovachev Bulgarian Fourth Army.

In June 1913, during the Second Balkan War, he took part in the forces of the Ottoman Army commanded by kaymakam Enver Bey that Dimetoka and Edirne (Adrianople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire between 1365 and 1453 recovered therefore important historical maximum for the Turks), along with most of eastern Thrace Bulgarians.

In 1913, he was appointed military attache Ottoman to all Balkan states (his office was in Sofia, Bulgaria) and promoted to the rank of kaymakam (Lieutenant Colonel / Colonel) on 1 March 1914.

First World War (1914–1918)

In 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the halls of Europe and the Middle East in World War I allies of the central powers. Mustafa Kemal was given the task of organizing and commanding the 19th Division attached to the Fifth Army during the Battle of Gallipoli. Mustafa Kemal became the front-line commander after correctly anticipating where the Allies would attack and holding his position until he retired. After the Battle of Gallipoli, Mustafa Kemal served in Edirne until 14 January 1916. Subsequently, he was assigned to command the body XVI of the Second Army and sent to the Caucasus Campaign after the massive offensive Russian had reached the cities key Anatolia. On 7 August, Mustafa Kemal rallied his troops and mounted a counteroffensive. Two of his divisions captured Bitlis and Mus disturb the calculations of the Russian command.

After this victory, the CUP government in Constantinople proposed the creation of a new army in Hejaz (Hicaz Kuvve-i Seferiyesi) and appoint Mustafa Kemal at his command, but the proposal and this army was never established refused. Instead, on March 7, 1917, Mustafa Kemal Pasha was promoted from the command of the corps XVI to the general command of the Second Army, despite the armies of the Czar were quickly removed when the Russian Revolution erupted.

In July 1917, he was appointed to the command of the Seventh Army, replacing Fevzi Pasha on August 7, 1917, which was under the command of Yildirim Group Army of Erich von General Falkenhayn German (after British forces General Edmund Allenby captured Jerusalem in December 1917, Erich von Falkenhayn was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders, who became the new commander of the Army Group Yildirim in early 1918.) Mustafa Kemal Pasha could not get along with General von Falkenhayn and together with Miralay Ismet Bey, wrote a report to the Grand vizier Talaat Pasha about the grim situation and the lack of adequate resources in the Palestinian front; but Talat Pasha ignored their observations and rejected his suggestion to form a stronger north defensive line in Ottoman Syria (in parts of the Vilayet Beirut, Damascus and Aleppo Vilayet Vilayet), with Turkish rather than German command. After the rejection of his report, Mustafa Kemal resigned from the Seventh Army and returned to Constantinople. There, he was assigned the task of accompanying the crown prince (Sultan and future) Mehmed Vahideddin during his train trip to Austria-Hungary and Germany. While in Germany, Mustafa Kemal visited the German lines in the west European front and concluded that the Central Powers would soon lose the war. He does not hesitate to openly express this view Kaiser Wilhelm II and his senior generals in person. During the return trip, he briefly stayed in Karlsbad and Vienna for medical treatment.

When Mehmed VI became the new sultan of the Ottoman Empire in July 1918, he called Mustafa Kemal Pasha to Constantinople, and in August 1918 was assigned the command of the Seventh Army in Palestine. Mustafa Kemal arrived in Aleppo on August 26, 1918, then continued south to his headquarters in Nablus. The Seventh army held the central sector of the front line. On September 19, at the beginning of the Battle of Megiddo, the Eighth Army held the coastal flank, but collapsed and Liman Pasha ordered the Seventh Army to retreat northward in order to prevent the British from conducting a short envelope to the Jordan river. The seventh army retreated to the Jordan River, but was destroyed by British aerial bombardment during their withdrawal from Nablus on 21 September 1918. However, Mustafa Kemal managed to form a defensive line north of Aleppo. According to Lord Kinross, Mustafa Kemal was the only general of Turkey in the war that never suffered a defeat.

Mudros the armistice was signed on 30 October 1918 and were granted all German and Austro-Hungarian troops in the Ottoman Empire long enough to retire. On October 31, he was appointed to the command of Army Group Yildirim, replacing Liman von Sanders. He organized the distribution of arms to civilians in Antep in case of a conflict of defense against invading allies.

last active service Mustafa Kemal Pasha in the Ottoman army was organizing the return of the troops left behind south of this line. In early November 1918, Army Group Yildirim was officially dissolved and Mustafa Kemal returned to occupied Constantinople, the Ottoman capital, on 13 November 1918. During a period he worked at the headquarters of the Ministry of War (Harbiye Nezareti) in Constantinople and continued his activities in this city until 16 May 1919 along the lines set the partition of the Ottoman Empire, the allies (British forces Greek, Italian, French and) occupied Anatolia. The occupation of Constantinople, which was followed by the occupation of Smyrna (the two largest cities in the Ottoman period) led to the creation of the National Movement of Turkey and the Turkish War of Independence.

Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922)

Aide-i Honorary Hazrat Shahriar ( "Honorary adjutant of His Majesty the Sultan") Mirliva Mustafa Kemal Pasha was assigned as the inspector of the troops of the Ninth Army Inspection to reorganize what remained of the Ottoman military units and to improve internal security 30 April 1919 on 19 May 1919 reached Samsun. His first objective was the creation of a national movement organized against the occupation forces. In June 1919, he issued the Amasya Circular, declaring the country's independence was in danger. He resigned from the Ottoman Army on 8 July and the Ottoman government issued an arrest feelings. Later, he was sentenced to death.

On September 4, 1919, a congress met in Sivas. Those who opposed the Allies in several provinces of Turkey issued a statement called Misak-i Milli ( "National Pact"). Mustafa Kemal was appointed as the head of the executive committee of the congress. This gave Mustafa Kemal the feeling of legitimacy needed for future policy. (See Sivas Congress).

The last election to the Ottoman parliament in December 1919 gave an overwhelming majority of the candidates of the "Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia (Anatolia and Rumelia Defence of Rights Society)", directed by Mustafa Kemal , which he held in Ankara. The fourth (and last) term of Parliament opened in Constantinople on 12 January 1920. It was broken up by British forces on March 18, 1920, shortly after it has adopted the National Pact ( "Pacte National"). Mustafa Kemal called for a national election to establish a new Turkish Parliament seated in Ankara - the "Grand National Assembly" (GNA). On April 23, 1920, the GNA opened with Mustafa Kemal as the speaker; this law effectively created the situation of diarchy in the country.

On August 10, 1920, the Ottoman Grand Vizier Damat Ferid Pasha signed the Treaty of Sevres, finalizing plans for the partition of the Ottoman Empire, including the regions that Turkish nationals saw their heart. Mustafa Kemal insisted on complete independence of the country and safeguarding the interests of the Turkish majority in "Turkish soil". He persuaded the GNA to gather a national army. The Army GN faced the Caliphate army buttressed by the Allied occupation forces and had the immediate task of fighting Armenian forces on the Eastern Front and the Greek forces advancing east of Smyrna (now Istanbul) who had occupied in May 1919 on the Western front. In January 1920, Mustafa Kemal feelings troops moved in Marash, Marash where the battle occurred against the French Armenian Legion. The battle with drafts in the Turkish victory in the Armenian massacres 5.000 to 12.000 will cause the disappearance of the Armenian population remaining in the region.

The army GNA unconditionally against the Democratic Republic of Armenia in the fall of 1920 and later against the Greeks were made possible by a steady supply of gold and arms to the Kemalist Russian Bolshevik government from the autumn of 1920.

After a series of battles during the Greco-Turkish War, the Greek army advanced to the Sakarya River, just eighty kilometers west of the GNA. On August 5, 1921, Mustafa Kemal was promoted to commander in chief of the forces by the GNA. The ensuing Battle of Sakarya was fought from 23 August to 13 September 1921 and ended with the defeat of the Greeks. After this victory, the September 19, 1921, Mustafa Kemal Pasha was given by the Grand National Assembly the rank of Marshal and the title of Ghazi. The Allies, ignoring the extension unconditionally Kemal, they expected to impose a modified version of the Treaty of Sèvres as a peace agreement in Ankara, but the proposal was rejected. In August 1922, John launched a frontal attack on the Greek lines at Afyonkarahisar in the Battle of Dumlupınar and Turkish forces regained control of Smyrna on 9 September 1922. On 10 September 1922, Mustafa Kemal sent a telegram to the League of Nations saying that the Turkish population was so upset that the Ankara government would not be responsible for killings.

Personal life

Mustafa Kemal's name is associated with four women: Eleni Krintte, mind lady, Dimitri Kovacheva and Latif Uşaklıgil. Little is known of the relationship of Mustafa Kemal with Eleni, who fell in love with him while he was a student in Bitola, Macedonia (monastery in Turkish), but the relationship inspired a play by the Macedonian writer Dejan Dukovski, then filmed by Aleksandar Popovski. Fikriye was a cousin of Mustafa Kemal nominal, though not related by blood (the daughter of the sister of his stepfather Ragip Bey). Fikriye grew passionately attached to Mustafa Kemal; we are not sure of the extent of the feeling of feelings for her, but the truth is that bec were very close after the mind of each former Egyptian husband and returned to Istanbul; during the War of Independence, who lived with him in Çankaya, Ankara feels like a personal assistant. However, after the Turkish army entered Izmir in 1922, Mustafa Kemal Latife met while staying at the home of each parent, the shipping magnate Muammar Uşakiza (later Usak). Latifa fell in love with Mustafa Kemal; again we do not know the extent to which this was reciprocated, but certainly I was impressed by the intellect of Latifa: He was a graduate of the Sorbonne and was studying İngilizce in London when war broke out. On January 29, 1923 they married. Latifa was jealous of mind and demanded that he leave the house in Çankaya; Devastated and left immediately to mind was in a car. According to official reports, a shot with a gun around Mustafa Kemal was given as a gift stuck; However, there were rumors that she was murdered. Mustafa Kemal triangle, mind and Latif bec the subject of a manuscript of the feeling of a close friend, Saleh Bozoklar which remained unpublished until 2005. Latifa was briefly and literally the face of the new Turkish woman, appear in public in clothing West with her husband. However, their marriage was not happy; frequent discussions after they divorced on August 5, 1925.

During a sense of life, Ataturk adopted thirteen children: a boy and twelve girls. Of these, the most famous is the Ataturk, Turkey's first pilot and fighter pilot first woman in the world.

Illness and death

During 1937, indications that the worsening health of Atatürk began to appear. In early 1938, while on a trip to Yalova, who suffered from a serious illness. He went to Istanbul for treatment, where he was diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver. During his stay in Istanbul, he made an effort to keep up with their normal lifestyle for a while. He died on November 10, 1938, at the age of 57, in the Dolmabahce Palace, where he spent his last days. The clock in the room where he died is still set at the time of his death, 9:05 am.

Atatürk's funeral caused so much pain and pride in Turkey and 17 countries sent special representatives, while nine armed detachments contributed to courtship. The remains of Mustafa Kemal were originally established to rest in the Ethnographic Museum in Ankara, and transferred on 10 November 1953, 15 years after his death in a sarcophagus of 42 tonnes to a mausoleum overlooking Ankara, Anıtkabir.

In his will, Atatürk donated all his possessions to the Republican People's Party, provided that the annual interest of their funds would be used to care for her sister Makbule and their adopted children,and fund the higher education of the children of İsmet İnönü. The remainder of this yearly interest was willed to the Turkish Language Association and the Turkish Historical Society.