Mahatma Gandhi ( founder of India )

Mahatma Gandhi was the founder of India. Mahatma Gandhi is the National Hero of India. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, more commonly known as 'Mahatma' (meaning 'great soul') was born in Porbandar, Gujarat, in northwestern India, October 2, 1869, into a Hindu family Modh. His father was the chief minister of Porbandar, and religious devotion of his mother meant that his upbringing was infused with the Jain pacifist teachings of mutual tolerance, not harm living beings and vegetarianism.

Born into a privileged caste, Gandhi was fortunate to receive a comprehensive education, but proved a mediocre student. In 1883 May 13, Kasturba Gandhi married Makhanji, a girl of 13 years also, through the provision of their parents, as usual in India. After its entry into Samaldas College, University of Bombay, she gave the first of four children, in 1888. Gandhi was unhappy at college, following the wishes of his father to take the bar, and when he was offered the opportunity to advance their studies abroad at University College London, 18, who accepted with alacrity, starting there in September 1888.

Determined to adhere to Hindu principles, including vegetarianism as well as alcohol and sexual abstinence, he found restrictive at first London, but once he had found kindred spirits who flourished, and pursued the philosophical study of religions, including Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism and others, he is having professed no particular interest in religion before. After admission to the English bar, and his return to India, he found it difficult to get work and, in 1893, accepted a one-year contract to work for an Indian company in Natal, South Africa.

Although it is not yet enshrined in law, the system of "apartheid" was much more evident in South Africa in the early 20th century Despite arriving in the one-year contract, Gandhi spent the next 21 years living in South Africa, and he railed against the injustice of racial segregation. On one occasion he was thrown from a first class train car, despite being in possession of a valid ticket. It witness the suffering racial polarization by his countrymen he served as catalyst for his activism later, and he tried to fight segregation at all levels. He founded a political movement, known as the Natal Indian Congress, and developed his theoretical belief in nonviolent civil protest in a tangible political stance, when he opposed the introduction of registration for all Indians in South Africa, through of non-cooperation with the relevant civil authorities.

On his return to India in 1916, Gandhi developed his practice of nonviolent civil disobedience even more awareness of the oppressive practices in Bihar in 1918, which saw local people oppressed by their largely British masters. He also encouraged the oppressed villagers to improve their own circumstances, leading strikes and peaceful protests. His fame spread and became widely referred to as "Mahatma" or "Great Soul '.

As his fame spread, so his political influence increased: in 1921 was addressing the National Congress of India, and the reorganization of the party constitution around the principle of 'Swaraj', or complete political independence of the British. He also promoted a boycott of products and British institutions, and promotion of mass civil disobedience led to his arrest on March 10, 1922, and trial on charges of sedition, for which he served two years of a sentence of 6 years in prison.

The National Congress of India began to splinter during his incarceration, and remained largely out of the public eye after his release from prison in February 1924, returning four years later, in 1928, to campaign for the award of 'dominion status' to India by the British. When the British introduced a tax on salt in 1930, his famous led a march of 250 miles from the sea to collect their own salt. Recognizing their political influence at the national level, the British authorities were forced to negotiate various agreements signed with Gandhi over the next few years, which resulted in the reduction of poverty, he granted the status of "untouchables" rights consecrated for women, and inexorably led to the goal of Gandhi's 'Swaraj': political independence from Britain.

Gandhi suffered six attempted murder known in the course of his life. The first attempt was on June 25, 1934, when he was in Pune to make a speech, along with his wife, Kasturba. Traveling in a convoy of two cars, which were in the second car, which was delayed by the appearance of a train at a level crossing, causing the two vehicles separate. When the first vehicle arrived at the headquarters of speech, a bomb was thrown into the vehicle, which exploded and injured several people. No investigations were carried out at the time, and no arrests, although many attribute the attack to Nathuram Godse an implacably opposed to nonviolent acceptance of Gandhi and tolerance of all religions Hindu fundamentalist, who felt threatened the supremacy of the Hindu religion. Godse was responsible for the eventual assassination of Gandhi in January 1948, 14 years later.

During the early years of World War II, the mission of Gandhi to achieve independence from Britain reached its zenith: he saw no reason why the Indians should fight for British sovereignty, in other parts of the world, when they were subjected in the country, which led to the worst cases of civil uprising under his direction through movement of the 'Quit India'. As a result, he was arrested on August 9, 1942, and held for two years in the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. In February 1944, three months before his release, his wife Kasturbai died in the same prison.

May 1944, the time of his release from prison, was the second attempt on his life, this time certainly led by Nathuram Godse, although the attempt was pretty unenthusiastic. When the news reached Godse Gandhi was staying in a hill station near Pune, recovering from his ordeal prison, a group of like-minded people who descended on the area was organized, and a voice of protest anti-Gandhi is mounted. When he is invited to speak to Gandhi, Godse declined, but attended a prayer meeting later that day, where he rushed towards Gandhi, brandishing a knife and shouting anti-Gandhi slogans. He was quickly dominated by brothers in faith, and went nowhere close to achieving their goal. Godse was not prosecuted at the time.

Four months later, in September 1944, Godse led a group of protesters Hindu activists approached Gandhi in a train station, on his return from the political talks. Godse was again found to be in possession of a dagger, although not drawn, is supposed to be the means by which we would try to assassinate Gandhi. It is officially regarded as the third assassination attempt by the commission set up to investigate the death of Gandhi in 1948.

The British plan to divide what had been British-ruled India, Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India, was vehemently opposed by Gandhi, who foresaw the problems that would arise from the division. However, the Congress Party ignored their concerns, and accepted the proposals made by the British partition.

The fourth attempt on the life of Gandhi took the form of a train derailment planned. On June 29, 1946, a train called the "Special Gandhi ', he and his entourage embodiment, derailed near Bombay, through boulders that had been piled up on the slopes. From the train was the only scheduled then it seems likely that the intended target of derailment was Gandhi himself I was not injured in the accident in a prayer meeting after the event Gandhi is quoted as saying..:

"I have not hurt anyone nor do I consider anybody to be my enemy, I can not understand why there are so many attempts on my life's attempt yesterday in my life failed not going to die yet;.. My goal is to live up to the age 125. "

Unfortunately, only eighteen months.

Under increasing pressure from his political contemporaries, to accept the partition as the only way to avoid civil war in India, poor Gandhi wins agreed with his political necessity, and India celebrated its Independence Day 15 August 1947. Fully recognizing the need for political unity, Gandhi spent the next months working tirelessly for peace between Hindus and Muslims, fearing accumulation of animosity between the two fledgling states, showing remarkable prescience, given the turbulence of their relationship over the next half century.

Unfortunately, his efforts to unite opposition forces proved their undoing. He defended the payment of restitution to Pakistan for the lost territories, as indicated in sharing agreement, the parties of India, Pakistan, fearing that it would use the payment as a means to build an arsenal of war, had opposed. He began a fast in support of the payment, the Hindu radicals, Nathuram Godse among them, seen as traitors. When the political effect of its insured quick payment to Pakistan, thereby ensuring the fifth attempt on his life.

On January 20 a group of seven Hindu radicals, including Nathuram Godse, gained access to Birla House in New Delhi, a place where Gandhi was due to give an address. One of the men, Madanla Pahwa, gained access to the speaker's podium, and planted a bomb, contained in a cotton ball on the wall behind the podium. The plan was to detonate the bomb during the speech, cause chaos, which would give two other band members, Digambar Bagde and Kishtaiyya Shankar, an opportunity to shoot Gandhi, and escape in the chaos. The bomb exploded prematurely, before the conference was underway, and Madanla Pahwa was captured, while others, including Godse, managed to escape.

Pahwa admitted the plot during interrogations, but the Delhi police were unable to confirm the participation and whereabouts of Godse, although he tried to establish his whereabouts through the Bombay police.

After the failed attempt to Birla House, Nathuram Godse and another of the seven, Narayan Apte, returned to Pune, via Bombay, where they bought a Beretta automatic pistol, before returning back to Delhi.

On January 30, 1948, while Gandhi was addressing a prayer meeting at Birla House in New Delhi, Nathuram Godse managed to get close enough to him in the crowd to be able to shoot him three times in the chest at point blank range. Gandhi's last words were claimed to be "The Ram", which translates as "Oh God", although some witnesses claim he spoke no word at all.

When news of the death of Gandhi came to the various strengths of Hindu radicalism, in Pune and other areas across India, there was reputedly celebration in the streets. Publicly distributed sweets, like a festival. The rest of the world was shocked by the death of a nominated five times for the Nobel Peace Prize man.

Godse, who had made no attempt to flee after the murder, and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte, both were jailed until his trial on 8 November 1949. They were convicted of the death of Gandhi, and both were executed, a week later, at Ambala jail on 15 November 1949. the alleged architect of the plot, a Hindu extremist named Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, was acquitted for lack of evidence.

Gandhi was cremated according to Hindu custom, and his ashes were buried in the palace of the Aga Khan in Pune, the place of his imprisonment in 1942, and where his wife had also died.

Gandhi memorial bears the heading "RAM" ( "Oh God"), although there is no conclusive evidence that he uttered these words before death.

Although Gandhi was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize five times, he never received. In the year of his death, 1948, the prize was declared void, the reason given being that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year.