Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( Quaid-e-Azam founder of Pakistan )

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the founder of Pakistan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah is the National Hero of Pakistan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (also spelled Mohammad) (December 25, 1876 until September 11, 1948 in Karachi, Present day Pakistan) is the founder of Pakistan. After the partition of India, he became the Governor General of Pakistan. As a sign of respect, the Pakistanis to call as Quaid-e-Azam. Quaid-e-Azam is a phrase that in the Urdu language, means "great leader". People also called him Babe-I-Quam, another phrase in the Urdu language which means "father of the nation". The day of birth is a national holiday in Pakistan.

Early Life

Jinnah’s birth name was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai. Later he moved to the much simpler 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah' or M.A. Jinnah. He was born in Karachi (Sindh, now in Pakistan). The oldest school registration record gives his date of birth on October 20, 1875, the author of the first biography of Jinnah gives another date of birth, that is, from December 25, 1876.

The name of his father was Jinnah Poonja (born 1857, died 1901) and his mother's name was Mithibai. Jinnah was the eldest of seven children of Jinnah Poonja and Mithibai. His family had migrated to Sindh from Kathiawar area of ​​Gujarat, India.

Jinnah reading in many schools. His last school was named the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi. At home, his family spoke in a Gujarati language. However, family members also knew Kutchi language, Sindhi language and the English language, but widely known if he did not speak Urdu.

Early working years

In 1891 (when he was fifteen), Jinnah went to London and worked for several years for a company. Before going to London, he was married to Emibai. She was his distant relative. At the time of her marriage, Emibai was around 14 or 16 years old. But Emibai died soon after Jinnah had gone to London. About the same time, his mother also died.

In 1894, Jinnah quit his job to study law. He joined the course at Lincoln's Inn and graduated in 1896. While still in London, he also became involved in politics. Indian political leaders greatly admired Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta. Gradually Jinnah was developing its own political point of view. I was thinking along the lines that India should have a constitutional self-government.

Around this time, his father lost his business. This put Jinnah under great difficulty. Meanwhile, he had begun to practice law in Bombay. He also built a house in the area of ​​Malabar Hill, Mumbai. The house is now known as Jinnah House.

He became a successful lawyer. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a famous leader of India, Jinnah once used to work as a lawyer. Tilak faces charges of sedition against British rule. Jinnah stated the case very well. But Tilak was sent to prison.

Early years as a politician

Jinnah had already met the Indian National Congress in 1906. The Congress was the largest political organization in India. Many members and leaders of the National Congress of India for limited autonomy for India. Jinnah also held the same view. At that time, his role model was Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

On January 25, 1910, Jinnah became a member on the sixty-member Imperial Legislative Council. He was an active member of the Council. Like many other leaders of India, Jinnah also supported Britain during World War leaders had supported Britain thinking that after the war, Britain granted political freedom Indians.

Jinnah had initially avoided joining the All India Muslim League, another Indian politics organization. Muslims had formed the League in 1906. In 1913, Jinnah became a member of the Muslim League. In 1916, he became the president of the Muslim League. He helped in the making of an agreement between Congress and the Muslim League. The agreement sought to present a united British India dominion status giving self-government in the British Empire front. This was similar to Dominion status, Canada, New Zealand and Australia had at that time.

In 1918, Jinnah married again. His second wife was Rattanbai Petit. She was twenty years younger than him. She was the daughter of a personal friend of Mr. Jinnah Dinshaw Petit. Petit belonged to the Parsi Zoroastrian community. Many Parsis and Muslims did not like this marriage between people of both religions. The Jinnah couple resided in Bombay (now Mumbai) and frequently travels to Europe. In 1919, his wife gave birth to a daughter. Daughter Dina was called.

Fourteen points & in London

In 1918, Mohandas Gandhi had become one of the main leaders of the Congress Party. Gandhi led a nonviolent protest line for the self-government of India. Jinnah took a different line. He wanted constitutional struggle to win independence for India. Jinnah Gandhi's support for the Khilafat movement also opposed. Gradually, many differences had arisen between them. In 1920, Jinnah left the Congress party. He became president of the Muslim League. At this time, Jinnah carried out a program to reduce the differences between the Congress Party and the Muslim League. The program was fourteen action points. Therefore, it became popular as fourteen points Jinnah. However, the Congress Party did not accept these.

All these years the personal life of Jinnah had suffered. This was the result of his political work. Because of his political work, he could not pay attention to his personal life. Due to this reason, his marriage also suffered. Finally, the couple separated in 1927. After a serious illness, Rattanbai died.

Around that time, there was a conference of leaders of India with the British government. It is known as the Round Table Conference. It was held in London. Jinnah criticized Gandhi policy. The conference failed. Jinnah also was not happy with the Muslim League. He decided to leave politics. Again he began working as a lawyer in England. During all these years, his sister Fatima Jinnah took over the affairs of Jinnah, both at home and abroad. He also became a close advisor to him. She helped him in increasing Jinnah's daughter Dina Wadia. The daughter married Neville Wadia a Parasi who had converted to Christianity. Jinnah did not like this marriage, but continued to correspond with her daughter.

As a leader of the Muslim League

Many Muslim leaders of India as Aga Khan III, Choudhary Rahmat Ali and Sir Muhammad Iqbal asked Jinnah to return to India.

The leaders of the Muslim League wanted to take over the Muslim League. Jinnah agreed to return to India. In 1934, he left London and returned to India to reorganize the Muslim League again. But he could not revive the stature of the party until after the elections of 1937 as Muslim League could not win many seats in it. However, at this time, the League was helped by the powerful prime minister of Punjab, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan. October 1937, he agreed with Jinnah to join their strong government with the League. This is called the Pact of Jinnah-Sikandar.

His differences with the Congress Party continued to be bigger. In 1930, some Muslim leaders like Allama Iqbal had advocated an independent country for Muslims of India. Finally he concluded that Hindus and Muslims can not live in one country. Jinnah also started having the idea of ​​an independent country for Muslims of India. Jinnah and the Muslim League began working for an independent country. They made a plan for this in 1940 called the resolution of Pakistan. This new country was to be called Pakistan.

In 1941, Jinnah founded a newspaper called the dawn. This newspaper published the views and political thought of the Muslim League. During World War II, the British supported Jinnah, and opposed the Quit India Movement of the Congress Party. In 1944, Gandhi held 14 rounds of talks with Jinnah, but could not reach any conclusion. At that time, the Muslim League had formed governments in some provinces, and had also entered the central government.

As the founder of Pakistan

After World War II, Britain launched measures to give independence to India. On May 16, 1946, the British announced plan for a united India. A month later, on June 16, 1946, the British announced another plan to divide the British Raj in two countries, one for Hindus and one for Muslims.

The Congress party accepted the plan of the 16 May 1946. The Muslim League under the leadership of Jinnah accepted both plans. However, the August 16, 1946, Jinnah also announced direct action to achieve the independence of Pakistan, a separate country for Muslims of the old British Raj. After several rounds of discussion, the British Raj was divided (in August 1947) in two countries, India and Pakistan. In 1971, Bangladesh became independent from Pakistan.

As the Governor-General

British rule in India was divided into two countries, namely India and Pakistan. Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan, his sister Fatima Jinnah became the "Mother of the Nation". He also became the president of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. In a speech to the Constituent Assembly on August 11, 1947, Jinnah said about the future of Pakistan as a secular state. He said this in the following words:

You may belong to any religion or caste creed - that has nothing to do with the business of the state. In due time, Hindus will cease to be Hindus and Muslims cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the state.

Jinnah also took direct charge of the government. After partition, the large-scale violence between Muslims and Hindus took place. This type of violence is very serious in the Punjab and Bengal. Jinnah toured areas with Hindu leaders of India that people calmed down. Several people died in the violence. Death estimates vary from two hundred thousand killed more than one million deaths. Jinnah was personally very sad at these events.

Shortly after the independence of India and Pakistan, armed conflict broke out in Kashmir. king of Kashmir had agreed to become a part of India. but mostly Muslims Kashmir did not like this. They started fighting in Kashmir. India had to send troops to Kashmir, which had become a part of India. India raised the issue to the United Nations. The United Nations ordered the conflict to end and a plebiscite. This problem is still having a negative effect on the relationship between India and Pakistan.

Jinnah's role in the creation of Pakistan as a new nation was very important. This made him very popular among the people of Pakistan. In East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), people opposed the view of Jinnah that language Urdu should be the sole national language.

Death

Jinnah had been suffering from tuberculosis since early 1940. Only his sister, and very few others close to the family knew this. After the partition of India and creation of Pakistan, he had become the governor general of Pakistan. His work was increased, but his health was deteriorating. To regain his health, he spent many months at home official holiday. The rest house is located in a place named in Ziarat. Jinnah could not regain their health. He died on 11 September 1948 tuberculosis and lung cancer.

In the place of his burial, the Pakistani government has built a huge mausoleum. Your house called Jinnah House is under the possession of the government of India. The Indian government wants to give the house to the government of Pakistan. However, the position is not clear so far.